|
In linguistics, a numeral is a member of a word class (or sometimes even a part of speech) designating numbers, such as the English word 'two' and the compound 'seventy-seven'.〔Charles Follen: ''A Practical Grammar of the German Language''. Boston, 1828, p.9, p.44&48. Quote: "PARTS OF SPEECH. There are ten parts of speech, viz. Article, Substantive or Noun, Adjective, Numeral, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.", "NUMERALS. The numbers are divided into cardinal, ordinal, proportional, distributive, and collective. () Numerals of proportion and distribution are () &c. ''Observation.'' The above numerals, in fach or fäl´tig, are regularly declined, like other adjectives."〕〔Horace Dalmolin: ''The New English Grammar: With Phonetics, Morphology and Syntax'', Tate Publishing & Enterprises, 2009, p.175 & p.177. Quote: "76. The different types of words used to compose a sentence, in order to relate an idea or to convey a thought, are known as parts of speech. () The parts of seech, with a brief definition, will follow. () 87. Numeral: Numerals are words that express the idea of number. There are two types of numerals: ''cardinal'' and ''ordinal''. The cardinal numbers (''one, two, three...'') are used for counting people, objects, etc. Ordinal numbers (''first, second, third...'') can indicate ''order, placement'' in ''rank'', etc."〕 ==Identifying numerals== Numerals may be attributive, as in ''two dogs'', or pronominal, as in ''I saw two (of them)''. Many words of different parts of speech indicate number or quantity. Quantifiers do not enumerate, or designate a specific number, but give another, often less specific, indication of amount. Examples are words such as ''every'', ''most'', ''least'', ''some'', etc. There are also number words which enumerate but are not a distinct part of speech, such as 'dozen', which is a noun, 'first', which is an adjective, or 'twice', which is an adverb. ''Numerals'' enumerate, but in addition have distinct grammatical behavior: when a numeral modifies a noun, it may replace the article: ''the/some dogs played in the park'' → ''twelve dogs played in the park''. (Note that *''dozen dogs played in the park'' is not grammatical, so 'dozen' is not a numeral.) Numerals may be simple, such as 'eleven', or compound, such as 'twenty-three'. They indicate cardinal numbers. However, not all words for cardinal numbers are necessarily numerals. For example, ''million'' is grammatically a noun, and must be preceded by an article or numeral itself. In Old Church Slavonic, the cardinal numbers 5 to 10 were feminine nouns; when quantifying a noun, that noun was declined in the genitive plural like other nouns that followed a noun of quantity (one would say the equivalent of "five of people"). Various other number words exists. Examples are ordinal numbers (''first'', ''second'', ''third'', etc.; from 'third' up, these are also used for fractions), multiplicative adverbs (''once'', ''twice'', and ''thrice''), multipliers (''single'', ''double'', and ''triple''), and distributive numbers (''singly'', ''doubly'', and ''triply''). In other languages, there may be other kinds of number words. For example, in Slavic languages there are collective numbers which describe sets, such as ''pair'' or ''dozen'' in English (see Polish numerals). Georgian,〔(Walsinfo.com )〕 Latin, and Romanian (see Romanian distributive numbers) have regular distributive numbers, such as Latin ''singuli'' "one-by-one", ''bini'' "in pairs, two-by-two", ''terni'' "three each", etc. Some languages have a very limited set of numerals, and in some cases they arguably do not have any numerals at all, but instead use more generic quantifiers or number words, such as 'pair' or 'many'. However, by now most such languages have borrowed the numeral system or part of the numeral system of a national or colonial language, though in a few cases (such as Guarani), a numeral system has been invented internally rather than borrowed. Other languages had an indigenous system but borrowed a second set of numerals anyway. An example is Japanese, which uses either native or Chinese-derived numerals depending on what is being counted. In many languages, such as Chinese, numerals require the use of numeral classifiers. Many sign languages, such as ASL, incorporate numerals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Numeral (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|